Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

The Austrian Empire

        -Hapsburg family has ruled Austria for 400+ years (map)

                -Very powerful

                        -Did NOT want change (Revolution 1848, etc)

                                -Congress of Troppau

-Allied with other countries to support each other in case of revolution

        -Austria most important part of German Confederation

                -Carlsbad Decrees

-Illegal for any reform to conflict with absolute monarchy

                        -No freedom of press; Secret police force spied on citizens

        -Revolutions eventually spread to Austria (1848)

-Became violent

                        -King Ferdinand and Metternich abdicated

                                -Franz Joseph I takes over (young)       

-Many different nationalities wanted independence

                        -Hungarians (Magyars) almost got it

                                -Russia sent troops in to quash revolt

The Dual Monarchy

        -Franz Joseph tried hard to stop nationalist movement

                -Lombardy area lost to Italy

                -Holstein lost to Prussia

        -1867àHungarians revolt again

                -Compromise of 1867

                        - A and H would be two separate, equal states

                        -One leader (Emperor of A, King of H)

                        -Shared ministers, but separate Parliaments

                        -Lasted until end of WWI

The Ottoman Empire

        -Many different cultures within empire

                -Revolutions started early here

                        -1830àGreece independent

                        -Serbia was lost

                        -Caucasus taken by Russians

        -European leaders worried (“Eastern Question”)

                -Did NOT want Russia to take over if empire falls

                        -French and British supported empire

        -Ottomans controlled Holy Land

                -Gave control of area to Catholics in 1850s

                -Orthodox Christians not given same rights

                        -Russia sent troops to invade empire

                                -France and England allied with Ottoman

                                -Crimean War

                                        -Lasted 2 years, 500k dead, no change

                                        -Florence Nightingale

        -Balkans hot spot for nationalism

                -Balkan Wars

-Series of fights that included France, England, Russia, Austria, Ottomans

-Allied with different countries depending on what land was being fought over

                -Congress of Berlin (1878) gave Balkans to A-H Empire

                        -Protect area from Russia

                        -Ethnic groups in Balkans not happy

        -Young Turks, nationalist group, starts revolution in 1908

                -Fought for constitution, better gov’t

                        -Reforms were made

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