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Nationalism in Europe Introduction: I. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna divided Europe without regard for the nationalities of the people A. Nationalism is devotion to one’s national group which in the mid- 1800s was a powerful force in the breakup of empires and the creation of new nations Section One: Italian Unification I. Stirrings of nationalism: A. Following Napoleon’s invasion and unification of Italy, the Congress of Vienna split the Italian states apart. Northern Italy was placed under Austrian rule, other areas were under control of France B. Foreign control was a huge factor in causing a powerful sense of nationalism to grow in Italy, despite the historical independence of each city state C. Factors which caused the Italians to want independence 1. The glorification of Italian culture by artists and writers increased nationalism 2. The creation of secret societies pledged to overthrow Austrian control a. In 1831Giuseppe Mazzini launched the Young Italy movement which influenced Italian opinion in favor of a unified an independent Italy D. In the mid 1800s, attempts at revolution failed except for the revolt in Sardinia which became independent E. Camillio di Cavour emerged as the leader of Il Risorgimento which was the movement for Italian unification and freedom from Austria. 1. In 1852 Cavour became prime minister to the king of Sardinia, Victor Emanuel. Cavour worked to unite Italy into a monarchy, under Victor Emanuel. a. Cavour helped industrialize Sardinia b. Cavour disliked absolutism, but he felt Italy should be united as a monarchy c. Cavour saw Austria as the biggest obstacle to Italian unification. He agreed to support France in a war with Austria, and in exchange France agreed to support Sardinia in its planned war with Austria 1. By 1860, the northern Italian states were liberated from the Austrian Empire II. Garibaldi and The Red Shirts A. Giuseppe Garibaldi fought to free Italy from Austria; He became known as the “sword of Italy” 1. known as Red Shirts (colorful uniforms) 2. Cavour and Garibaldi united Italy with the Two Sicilies; most of the Papal States joined after III. Unification A. In 1861 most of territories held elections and agreed to Unification; Regional differences still existed B. The Catholic Church did not recognize Italy as a nation and the pope prohibited people from voting C. Poverty and rising taxes led to rioting in the towns IV. Reforms A. By late 1800s most adult male taxpayers could vote B. government passed labor reforms |