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Chapter 19 Section 1 The Scientific Revolution
Main Idea: New ways of thinking led to important discoveries during this time.
Dawn of Modern Science -Old View: Earth was center of universe (geocentric theory) -Accepted by most (Church, scholars, etc) -New View: Starting in 1500s, people questioned traditional beliefs -Exploration found new thingsàmaybe there is more??? -Exploration = need for accurate instruments -Development of scientific methodàmethod of investigating -Five steps: -Identify Problem -Form testable hypothesis -Experiment -Record results -Analyze results
Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics and Math -Copernicus (mid-1500s) -Heliocentric theoryàEarth revolves around sun -Developed mathematical process to prove it -Not too reliable, though -Created first model of solar system -Contradicted Church teachingà argumentative -Tycho Brahe -Discovered “supernova” -Built 2 observatories -Developed own theory (wrong) -Sun revolved earth; other planets revolved around sun -Johannes Kepler (Brahe’s assistant) -Planets orbit sun in elliptical pattern (not circular) -Gallileo Galilei -Built first telescope (1609) -First to see sunspots, craters on moon -Milky Way was made up of stars -Isaac Newton -The Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy -GRAVITY! -Laws of gravity -Developed calculus
Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry -Biology -Andreas Vesalius (1530s-40s) -Dissected humans -William Harvey -Explained workings of heart, circulatory system -Antony vanLeeuwenhoek -Created microscope -Robert Hooke -Discovered “cells” -Chemistry -Robert Boyle = “Father of modern chemistry” -Matter changes when atoms and molecules are rearranged -Boyle’s law: For a fixed amount of a gas kept at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional (while one increases, the other decreases) -Antoine Lavoisier -Law of Conservation of Mass (matter is not created or destroyed) -Named “oxygen” -Developed metric system -Came up with first periodic table (33 elements)
Science and Society -Church opposed many of these scientists -Conflicted with Church teachings -Church was main place for education -Many scientists did not want to challenge Church -Over time, Church accepted some science (i.e. “reason”) -Galileo faced Inquisition (1633) -Agreed not to use Copernicus’ works in his theories -Given house arrest -Artists studied human body to paint more realistic -Painters used math to create perfect mixtures -Architects used math to build great structures (domes, etc) -As a result of S.R., people started trying to develop new ideas about society, government
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