|
Chapter 18 Section 4 Rulers of Russia and Central Europe
Main Idea: The czars of Russia had a difficult time with Westernization and powerful families fought for power in Central Europe
Ivan IV -Young prince Ivan declares himself czar (1546) -Before, country ruled powerful landowners and church officials -Wanted to be absolute rule -Began as a reformer -Created “general council” -Military promoted on merit -Created new legal code -Expanded territory -Changed later onàIvan the Terrible (mental) -Became paranoid of advisorsàexecuted them -Thought wife (Anastasia) was murdered -Created private army to punish anyone who opposed him -Killed thousands of people in Novgorod (1565) -Thought they were wanting to succeed -Killed his own son -No heiràChaos when Ivan dies (Time of Troubles) -Michael, relative of Ivan’s 1st wife takes over
Peter the Great -Became czar in 1682 (only a childàsister ruled) -Tall (6’6”), strong, good personality, lots of energy -Built navy -Wanted to see Western Europeàwent incognito -Wanted to modernize Russiaàmake it more European -Army -Church brought under state control -Started first newspaper -Started new schools / supported education -Modernized calendar -Started civil service -Founded St. Petersburg -Fought Sweden for land -Warm-water port
Catherine the Great -Married grandson of Peter the Great -Russians unhappy with grandson (Peter III) -Catherine seized powerànamed czarina -Reformer -Legal system -Education system -Promoted science and the arts -Fought war with Poland, Ottoman empire (1760s) -Russia wonàgot more land -Had internal revolt -Reorganized local govt’s
Conflict in Central Europe -Central European monarchs never became absolute rulers -Hapsburg family ruled much of the area -Thirty Years War (1618) -Began when HRE ordered 2 Protestant churches be shut down in Prague -HRE officials tossed out of window -Revolt spread (people didn’t want ruler controlling religion) -Spain, France, German princes, Denmark, Sweden all joined in -Millions died -Treaty of Westphalia -Toleration for Catholics and Protestants -Reduced power of HRE -Austria and Prussia had fight for power -Austria = Hapsburg family -Prussia = Hohenzollern family -1740àHRE Charles VI diesàno heirs -Wanted Maria Teresa (Hapsburg) to take over -Frederick the Great seizes Austrian land -War of Austrian succession lasted for 8 years -Prussia gets to keep land it took earlier -1756àSeven Years War (French and Indian war in colonies) -Prussia and England vs. Austria, Russia and France -Prussia and England win |