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Section 4 The Counter Reformation
Main Idea: Catholics recognized the need for reform.
Reforming the Church -Church reformsàCounter-Reformation -Jesuits (Society of Jesus) -Religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola -Ran like a military -Focus on educationàSeveral Jesuit colleges -Had nearly 700 colleges by 1700 -Council of Trent (1545) -Looked at criticisms made by Protestants -Clarified teachings / reformed Church -Abolished indulgences -Church helps people achieve salvation -No compromising with Protestants -Reformers -Charles Borromeoàeducation of priests -Francis of Salesàmissionary; founded religious order for women -Women -More orders of women during Renaissance -Helped poor, big in teaching -Teresa of Avila -Created own rules for fasting, praying, sleeping -Reformed Carmelites -The Inquisition (1542) -Church Court that fought Protestantism -Tried people for being Protestant, breaking church law, witchcraft -Index of Forbidden Books -Spanish Inquisition (1478) -Imposed religious uniformity in Spain -Torture, executions, etc.
Effects -Changes in religion -Renewed sense of pride among Catholics -Lots of different Protestant movements -Persecutions -Catholics persecuted Protestants and vice versa -By 1500, Jews and Muslims in Spain had to convert or leave -Witchcraft -Political effects -Church became less powerful in government
Religious Conflicts -Italian Wars (1494-1559) -Fought for control of Italy (Spain, HRE, England) -Expanded Renaissance ideas -Germany (1546-1555) -HRE tried to fight Lutherns in Germany -Peace of Augsburg (each prince could choose religion) -France (late 1500s) -Protestants (Huguenots) fought Catholics -Edict of Nantes (1598)àreligious freedom for Protestants
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