Section 3
The Protestant Reformation
Main Idea: Criticism of the Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics
Catholicism in the 1400s
-Up until the 1500s, Catholic Church was the only Christian religion
-Starting in 1400s, people wanted to reform Church
-Reformation
-Dissatisfaction with the Church
-Catholic Church doing some “questionable” actions
-Corruption/fraud
-Church taxed middle class and peasants
-Indulgences
-$$$ in exchange for forgiveness of sins
-Less time in purgatory
-More people aligned themselves with government rather than Church
-Reformers
-John Wycliffe
-Church should give up earthly possessions
-Jan Hus
-Preached against Church’s worldliness
-Burned at the stake
-Luther had 95 complaints regarding the Church
-Nailed them to Church door
-Wanted to reform Church
-Theses spread across Europe (printing press)
-Believed:
-One could receive God’s grace by faith alone
-Not what Church taught
-Only Jesus was head of Church
-Not pope
-Individuals should interpret meaning of scripture
-Not priests
-1520àLuther excommunicated by Leo X
-Ordered to appear before Holy Roman Emperor
-Refused to change
-Edict of WormsàLuther an “outlaw”; works condemned
-1529àHRE began suppressing Lutherns
-People protested against this
-“Protestant”
Spread of Protestantism
-Zwingli (Switzerland)
-More radical than Luther
-Theocracy
-Church and state are one; leaders are divinely inspired
-John Calvin
-Believed in “predestination”
-God has already decided who will be saved
-Calvinism
-People sinful by nature
-Very strict laws
-John Knox (Scotland)
-His beliefs started Presbyterian Church
-Anabaptist Church
-Believed in rebaptizing adults
-Later became Mennonites, Amish
England
-Henry VIIIàmega-Catholic guy (Title: Defender of the Faith)
-Wife (Catherine of Aragon) only gave him 1 daughter
-Wanted male heir
-Wanted another wife (annulment)
-Pope refused annulment
-Henry VIII mad
-Parliament decided England was no longer under authority of Church
-Henry became head of Church of England
-Very little difference with C of E and Catholicism
-Henry marries Anne Boleyn
-Has daughter (Elizabeth)
-Marries again (Jane Seymour) (#3)
-Has son (Edward VI)àDies as a teenager
-Another daughter, Mary, becomes Queen
-Very CatholicàTried to undo things
-Persecuted Protestantsà”Bloody Mary”
-DiesàElizabeth takes over
-Reestablished Church of England
-Persecuted Catholics