Section 4

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

        -Early in 1918, Wilson outlined his goals for peace

                -“Peace without victory”

        -Reduction of armies

        -No more secret treaties

        -Freedom of the seas / free trade

        -Independence for some groups in Europe

        -Major aspect was 14^th point: League of Nations

                -Association of nations

                        -Settle disputes peacefully

Treaty of Versailles

        -Treaty that officially ended the war

-Fourteen points was Wilson’s plan for peace

                -Versailles is palace complex outside of Paris

                        -Wilson personally attended

                                -Part of “Big 4” (UK, France, Italy, US)

        -Germany had to admit full blame for the war

        -Germany forced to pay war reparations

                -Had to pay for other countries’ war costs

                        -$33,000,000,000

        -Germany gives up navy, army limited to 100,000

        -Split up Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

        -League of Nations

                -US Senate didn’t like League of Nations

                        -Wilson tours country giving speeches

                                -Has stroke

        -US never ratifies treaty (because of League of Nations)

                -US never joins League of Nations

Strikes and the Red Scare

        -Within months of the end of the war, many labor strikes

                -Soldiers coming back from waràexcess workers

                -Demobilization

                        -Shifting from wartime to peace mode

                -High inflation, taxes

                -Decrease in demand for crops (war was over)

        -Seattle General Strike (1919)à55,000

                -Strike failed

        -Boston Police Strike

                -Police tried to return after 2 days (chaos in Boston)

                        -Commissioner fired all strikers

                                -Hired war veterans

        -Steel Strike

                -350,000+ steel workers went on strike

                        -Lots of fights, riots

                -Strike failed

-Some people saw strikes as “radical”

                -Made people fear a revolution (like in Russia)

                        -“Red Scare”

        -36 mail bombs sent to gov’t officials

                -People blamed anarchists and communists

        -Attorney General Palmer’s house bombed by anarchist

        -Palmer Raids

-Palmer ordered raids of suspected communists and anarchists

                        -6,000 arrested

                        -No search warrants

        -Sacco and Vanzetti

                -Italian anarchists

                -Arrested for murder

                -Found guiltyàanti-anarchist hysteria

Racial Problems

        -Riots broke out as African Americans moved north

                -Great Migration

                -St. Louis (1917)

                -1919à25 major riots

                        -Chicago

                                -Young black man was swimming

                                        -Stones thrown at himàdrowned

Longing for Normalcy

        -Americans were “worn out”

                -War, strikes, Red Scare, racial problems, etc.

                -Wanted to get back to the way things used to be

                        -Warren G. Harding promised to “return to normalcy”

                                -Wins in a major victory

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